The Utility of Tumor Markers in the Screening, Diagnosis, and Prognosis of Cancer in a Referral Clinical Laboratory

Abstract

Introduction:Tumour markers are essential tools in cancer screening, diagnosis, and monitoring, particularly among high-risk populations. This study assesses the utilization and patterns of tumor marker testing over five years in a referral clinical laboratory.

Objectives: Lacinia at quis risus sed vulputate odio ut enim. Orci porta non pulvinar neque laoreet suspendisse interdum. Consequat mauris nunc congue nisi vitae suscipit. Morbi quis commodo odio aenean.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 20180 tumor marker tests performed between March 2020 and February 2025. The study included six markers: PSA, beta-HCG, CA 19-9, CA 125, CEA, and AFP. Patient demographics, tumor marker levels, and follow-up trends were analysed via SPSS v29.

Results: Among the 20,180 tests, 14,476 were from unique patients, with a male predominance (65.1%). The number of tumor marker requests increased from 4,914 in 2020 to 8,420 in 2025. Abnormal results were detected in 25.1% of the tests, with CA 125 and CA 19-9 exhibiting the highest abnormality rates (38.1% and 37.3%, respectively). PSA abnormalities were most frequent in males aged 61–80 years. Abnormal levels of CEA, CA 19-9, and AFP were higher in males than in females, indicating increased gastrointestinal and hepatic cancer risk. Despite ongoing abnormal values, follow-up adherence declined notably after the third visit.

Conclusions: Tumour markers such as CA 125, CA 19-9, PSA, and AFP play pivotal roles in cancer diagnostics. The observed sex- and age-specific abnormalities highlight the importance of personalized screening approaches. Enhancing patient adherence to follow-up protocols remains crucial for effective long-term cancer monitoring and management.