Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Paradigm Shift in Treatment

Abstract

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a major global health challenge, with high morbidity and mortality rates despite advances in treatment. Conventional therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy provide limited long-term benefits due to recurrence and resistance. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging the body's immune system to target malignant cells. This review explores the principles, mechanisms, and current therapeutic strategies in immunotherapy for HNSCC, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, and cancer vaccines. Challenges, ongoing clinical trials, emerging biomarkers, and future directions in the field are also discussed.