A Review of Genetic Insights into Enamel Formation and Defects: Current Knowledge and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Enamel formation is a complex process influenced by a range of genes that regulate tooth development. Key genes such as AMELX, ENAM, and MMP20 are crucial for enamel matrix formation and maturation. Defects in these genes, which can begin in utero, lead to enamel hypoplasia and other dental anomalies. Understanding the genetic basis of enamel formation and its defects is vital for diagnosing and treating enamel-related conditions, potentially offering insights into preventative strategies and therapeutic interventions.