Understanding the Relationships between Cancer Immunotherapy and Drug Delivery System: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Immunotherapy and drug delivery systems are revolutionizing medicine by boosting the immune system's ability to combat cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infections. These advancements enable more personalized patient care. Key developments in immunotherapy include cancer vaccines, CAR T-cell therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, challenges such as immune-related adverse effects, limited efficacy in certain patient populations, and resistance within the tumor microenvironment need to be addressed. Researchers are working on innovative immunotherapeutic drug delivery methods that specifically target particular cells or areas to overcome these obstacles. Techniques such as microneedles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels are being employed. Nanoparticle platforms can deliver both antigens and adjuvants simultaneously to enhance immune responses, while controlled-release systems offer long-lasting benefits. Additionally, stimuli-responsive delivery devices can release drugs selectively in response to changes in temperature, pH, or enzyme activity within the tumor microenvironment. Advancements in biomaterials, nanotechnology, and molecular engineering have enabled the creation of multifunctional delivery strategies. These systems can diagnose and treat health issues concurrently. Theranostic nanoparticles possess imaging and therapeutic capabilities that allow for ongoing assessment of treatment effectiveness. To overcome the limitations of traditional immunotherapy, researchers are investigating tailored neoantigen vaccines, gene editing, and RNA-based therapeutics. Challenges such as high treatment costs, regulatory approvals, and large-scale manufacturing must be tackled. Improving pharmaceutical distribution methods and leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in drug development requires interdisciplinary research. Overall, immunotherapy and modern drug delivery systems enhance healthcare outcomes and improve patients' quality of life.