Synthetic Method of Controlling Shape and Size of Metallic Nanoparticles

Abstract

Metal nanoparticles are a new class of nanomaterials that possess remarkable optical, catalytic, and antibacterial properties. They are characterized by a wide range of morphological and electrical properties, such as elongation, morphology, and structure. Metallic nanoparticles have acquired considerable importance in several scientific disciplines and industry owing to their distinctive characteristics and multifaceted uses. The size and structure of metallic nanoparticles are crucial parameters that influence their characteristics and functionalities. This study offers a comprehensive examination of diverse synthetic techniques employed to meticulously control the form and size of metallic nanoparticles. The seed-mediated growth technique is a key way for controlling the shape and size of nanoparticles during synthesis. This technology employs pre-synthesized nanoparticles, commonly known as "seeds," which serve as templates to direct the production of certain forms. By meticulously modifying reaction parameters such as precursor concentration, temperature, and surfactant type, researchers may engineer nanoparticles with diverse geometries, including spheres, rods, cubes, and complex arrangements. This technique is very efficacious for noble metals. The polyol process is a versatile and widely employed technique known for its capacity to produce monodisperse nanoparticles with precise control over their dimensions and shapes. The appropriate capping agent combined with polyols functions as both a reducing agent and a solvent. Researchers may accurately manipulate the properties of nanoparticles by employing these concepts. The fabrication of metallic nanoparticles with meticulous regulation of their dimensions and architecture is essential to both nanoscience and nanotechnology. Scientists may produce nanoparticles for targeted applications in sectors such as catalysis, medicine, and environmental remediation, utilizing their expertise in various synthesis procedures, including seed-mediated growth and polyol processes. Ongoing advancements in this domain indicate significant promise for unlocking new opportunities in science and technology, driven by the increasing need for meticulously engineered nanoparticles. In this review, we also provides an overview of NPs and their potential applications in various biomedical applications, including diagnostics, anticancer therapies, antimicrobial properties, antiviral action, anti-inflammatory effects, and drug delivery in various malignancies.