Biomarkers for Early Detection of Kidney Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus frequently results in diabetic nephropathy, which progresses to end-stage renal failure. Early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy renal damage is essential for prompt treatment and better patient outcomes. Biomarkers are essential to reaching this objective. Modern biomarkers for the early detection of kidney damage in diabetic nephropathy are discussed in this review, along with their diagnostic and prognostic usefulness and potential to inform therapeutic approaches. To find important indicators linked to early kidney damage in diabetic nephropathy, a thorough assessment of the literature was done. We concentrated on proteomic methods, genetic indicators, inflammatory markers, and renal biomarkers. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), genetic markers in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-) pathways are promising biomarkers for early detection. Urinary proteins have also been recognised as possible indicators by proteomic methods. For patients to experience better outcomes, early identification of kidney damage in diabetic nephropathy is essential. Biomarkers have the potential to revolutionise early detection and direct personalised treatment approaches, lowering the burden of end-stage renal illness despite difficulties with standardisation and validation.