Nano-Particle-Based Peptides Targeting Synaptic Function and Loss in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

This review examines the potential of nano-particle-based peptide therapies in addressing synaptic dysfunction within neurodegenerative diseases. Synaptic dysfunction is a hallmark of various neurodegenerative conditions, contributing significantly to their pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Nano-particle-based delivery systems offer advantages such as targeted delivery, controlled release, and enhanced bioavailability, making them promising platforms for delivering therapeutic peptides to synaptic sites. The review provides an overview of the current research landscape, highlighting the characteristics of peptides as therapeutic agents and the benefits of nano-particle-based delivery systems. Mechanisms underlying synaptic dysfunction, including protein misfolding, impaired neurotransmitter release, and synaptic loss, are explored, along with current treatment strategies and their limitations. Case studies of nano-particle-peptide formulations targeting synaptic dysfunction are presented, showcasing their potential efficacy in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical outcomes of these therapies are discussed, emphasizing improvements in synaptic integrity, neurotransmission, and cognitive function observed in experimental settings. Challenges in clinical translation, including regulatory hurdles and safety considerations, are highlighted, along with future directions and opportunities for research. The review concludes by underscoring the potential of nano-particle-based peptide therapies to revolutionize the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by addressing synaptic dysfunction and improving patient outcomes.