Physicochemical Analytical Assessment of Nandkol Lake Water in Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Abstract

Undesirable alterations in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the atmosphere, water, and soil pose a significant risk to humanity. Due to the expanding human population, industrialization, the use of fertilizers, and various human activities, water has become extensively polluted with hazardous substances. Natural water pollution can be attributed to factors like the natural breakdown of rocks, soil seepage, mining operations, and so on. Given that the human population is susceptible to a range of waterborne diseases from consuming contaminated drinking water, it is crucial to regularly assess water quality. Access to clean water is essential for preventing infections and improving overall quality of life. This study primarily focuses on the physical and chemical characteristics of the water in Nundkol Lake, which is situated in the breathtaking alpine setting at the base of Harmukh Mountain in Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir. Nundkol Lake is renowned for its crystal-clear water, and it is located just over a kilometre away from the well-known Gangabal Lake. The journey to these lakes commences from Naranag, a popular tourist destination in Ganderbal. The renowned “Great Lakes Trek," which connects Naranag and Sonmarg, includes both of these lakes. Through out the current research, various parameters such as water temperature, colour, taste, odour, pH at 25°C, total dissolved solids, conductivity at 25°C, total hardness (expressed as CaCO₃), chlorides (as Cl), sulfates, fluorides (as F), total acidity, total alkalinity (as CaCO₃), and residual chlorine were comprehensively examined.