Submandibular Salivary Gland Vulnerability: Unveiling Aflatoxin B1-Induced Toxicity and Rosmarinus Officinalis 's Protective Role

Abstract

Aflatoxins (AF) represent an extremely toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin family produced by specific molds, notably Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus[1, 2]. These molds are prone to infiltrate various food crops, particularly grains, nuts, and legumes, both prior to and following harvest under suitable growth conditions. Among the various types of aflatoxins, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) holds prominence as one of the extensively studied carcinogens, inflicting detrimental health consequences on both humans and animals. It stands as one of the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens. The notoriety of AFB1 extends to its capability to induce severe and harmful toxic effects across various organs. This cumulative evidence led the International Agency for Research on Cancer to classify AFB1 as a Group I carcinogen[3].

The mechanism of action of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) involves its metabolism and interaction with cellular components, particularly DNA resulting in DNA damage and mutations. AFB1 can affect cellular signaling pathways, potentially leading to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. It can interfere with the function of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, further contributing to carcinogenesis[4]. Furthermore, many studies showed that AFB1 induces oxidative stress through formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which exceeds the antioxidant activity of the natural enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the cells. Therefore, this increased oxidative stress causes deleterious effect on the cell organelles particularly the nuclei and mitochondria and can damage cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. ROS contribute to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular dysfunction[5].