Exploring the In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Potential of Swarna Bhasma, a Traditional Ayurvedic Preparation

Abstract

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder. It induces inflammation in the synovial tissue, leading to progressive joint degeneration and functional impairment. Conventional therapies can be effective, but they are associated with high costs, side effects, and limited ability to cure. Traditional Ayurvedic formulations, such as Swarna Bhasma, have long been valued for their anti-inflammatory and rejuvenating properties; however, their anti-arthritic potential still lacks comprehensive scientific validation.

Objectives: To evaluate the in vitro anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic extract of Swarna Bhasma using protein denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization assays.To compare its efficacy with diclofenac sodium and assess its potential as a complementary therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods: This study evaluated the in vitro anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of Swarna Bhasma (EESB). A denaturation test for proteins was performed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity. The anti-inflammatory potential of human red blood cells (HRBCs) was evaluated using a membrane stabilization assay, with diclofenac sodium serving as the standard reference drug.

Results: EESB prevented protein denaturation in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition rates were 39.45% at 250 µg/mL, 51.37% at 500 µg/mL, and 61.01% at 1000 µg/mL. Similarly, in the HRBC membrane stabilization assay, EESB demonstrated 39.45%, 51.37%, and 61.01% inhibition at the same concentrations. Although diclofenac sodium consistently exhibited higher activity, EESB demonstrated significant protective effects against protein denaturation and membrane lysis, confirming its ability to stabilize proteins and cell membranes under inflammatory stress.

Conclusions: These findings offer preliminary evidence supporting the traditional claims of Swarna Bhasma as an anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory agent. Although less potent than diclofenac sodium, EESB demonstrated consistent dose-dependent effects, warranting further in vivo and mechanistic investigations. These results emphasize the potential of this compound as a complementary therapeutic agent for integrative management of RA.