Silk Fibroin in Bioelectronics Structural Engineering, Oriented Crystallization, And Long-Term Implantable Interface Strategies.

Abstract

Introduction: Silk fibroin (SF) is an attractive biomaterial for bioelectronic devices because of its biocompatibility, mechanical and optical properties, and water processing capability. But traditional SF-based bioelectronic devices have poor long-term stability due to uncontrolled degradation, moisture-induced instability, biofouling and fatigue.

Objectives The objective of this review is to present recent progress in structural engineering methods such as oriented crystallization and pre-stretching, to enhance stability and functionality of SF-based bioelectronic devices.

Methods: The literature of modified SF materials was reviewed with methods of improving molecular orientation and β-sheet formation. Their effects on mechanical properties, dielectric responses, degradation rate and electrical conductivity were evaluated, as well as their in vivo stability and biocompatibility.

Results Modifications resulted in enhanced mechanical and dielectric stability, and controllable degradation. Crystallinity improved tunability of conductivity, thus ensuring electrical stability. Likewise, increased moisture and biofouling resistance and better in vivo compatibility highlight the potential of engineered SF for prolonged use in neurointerfaces, wearable sensors, and in vivo.

Conclusions: Structurally engineered silk fibroin shows great promise as a durable and dependable material for long-term bioelectronic applications. By improving molecular alignment and controlling crystallinity, many of the limitations seen in traditional silk-based systems can be effectively addressed. These advancements enhance stability and performance, making silk fibroin a strong candidate for use in long-term implantable devices, including neural interfaces, wearable sensors, and continuous physiological monitoring systems..