Circulating and Tissue Biomarkers in Predicting Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Urological Patients.

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has well-known stages of progression and prevalence and caused morbidity and/or mortality associated with urological diseases. Predicting those who will progress to treatment is a topic of ongoing research and importance. Our aim was to analyze circulating and tissue biomarkers correlated to the progression of chronic kidney disease in urological patients. Methods: This systematic review was written following PRISMA guidelines. Studies in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from January 2014 to December 2025 were identified. Studies that described circulating and/or tissue biomarkers that were studied and correlated with CKD in urological populations. We identified records for 1337 studies, and located 41 eligible studies which we included. In conclusion, we found that circulating biomarkers such as NGAL, indicative of cystatin c, and inflammatory cytokines correlate with a decline of renal function, while there may also be prognostic values of tissue biomarkers, including fibrosis and tubular injury markers.