Cucumber-Peppermint Oil Cryotherapy for Oral Mucositis: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Tobacco smoking is a major modifiable risk factor contributing to cardiovascular morbidity through its influence on autonomic regulation. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a reliable, non-invasive indicator of autonomic nervous system function.

Aims and Objectives: To assess the impact of smoking on HRV in rural population of Meerut.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants (50 smokers and 50 non-smokers) aged 18–60 years from rural population of Meerut. Participants were categorized into ≤30 years and >30 years age groups. HRV was recorded using a standardized protocol, and both time-domain and frequency-domain parameters were analyzed. Statistical comparison was performed using Student’s unpaired t-test.

Results: In the ≤30-year age group, smokers exhibited significantly higher LF and LF/HF ratio along with reduced HF values. Similar statistically significant alterations were observed in the >30-year age group, indicating persistent autonomic imbalance among smokers.

Conclusion: Smoking is associated with early and sustained impairment of autonomic function in rural populations, characterized by sympathetic predominance and reduced parasympathetic activity.