Stem Cell Therapy in Managing Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition causing destruction of tooth-supporting structures. Conventional treatments have limited regenerative capacity. Stem cell therapy using MSCs, PDLSCs, and BMMSCs offers promising regenerative potential, but clinical efficacy remains uncertain, warranting a systematic review.

Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EBSCHO host and Cochrane Library, were searched using predefined keywords related to stem cell therapy in managing periodontal disease. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical studies were included. Data were extracted and synthesized based on clinical attachment level (CAL) gain, probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction, and alveolar bone regeneration. The Risk of Bias (ROB) tool was used to assess study quality, and heterogeneity was analyzed using statistical methods.

Results: Stem cell therapy showed superior outcomes in CAL gain, PPD reduction, and bone regeneration compared to conventional treatments. However, variability in stem cell types, scaffolds, and follow-up periods introduced heterogeneity. No major adverse effects were reported, though small sample sizes and short follow-ups limited conclusions.

Conclusion: Stem cell therapy appears effective for periodontal regeneration but is hindered by study variability and limited data. More robust, long-term RCTs are needed to standardize protocols and optimize clinical application.