Paradox of Diabetes and Bone Health: A Comprehensive Review on Silent Epidemic

Abstract

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes is on the rise and an approximate figure of 530 million individuals globally have the disease. It is a long-term metabolic condition that simply implies that the body is unable to deal with glucose appropriately. The frequent complications of diabetes are cardiovascular disease, eye (retinopathy) and kidney complications. The fourth, which is osteopathy, is being researched by the researchers. In this narrative review, we are talking about the possibilities of diabetes being the cause of the osteopathy. Several researchers have reported that there is association bone health with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In type 2 diabetes mellitus bone mineral density (BMD) is can be normal or sometimes increased with shall indicate a false positive normal bone density in later one. In such cases although the BMD appears to be normal to high but the bone health is not adequate with later leads to complications such as bone fractures.
Objectives: The objective of this review is to emphasize on the bone health in individuals who are suffering from the condition of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients and emphasize on the bone formation and bone resorption markers for the assessment of bone health as researches have suggest that T2DM individuals might have normal to elevated bone mineral density despite of having deteriorated bone health.
Methods: Our search terms in the literature were “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Bone Health”, “P1NP and CTX1”, “Diabetes and Bone Health”, and “osteopathy and Diabetes”. A systematic search was used to identify papers published within the last ten years in Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science and kept open-access English articles, which involved clinical trials, cohort studies, cross sectional studies and case-control designs published till the end of December 2025.