Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: Evolution, Clinical Utility and Future Directions.

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major reason for deaths worldwide, making early, precise, and cost-effective diagnosis an important requirement. In the last seven decades, cardiac biomarker development has transformed cardiovascular medicine by allowing timely disease identification, categorization, and monitoring. This review traces their historical evolution, current clinical applications, and future prospects.