Clinicopathological Study of Clinically Diagnosed Potentially Malignant and Malignant Lesions in the Oral Cavity in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Abstract

Background: Potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) of the oral cavity carry a significant risk of malignant transformation, particularly in populations with high prevalence of tobacco- and alcohol-related habits. Early clinical recognition and histopathological confirmation are essential for timely intervention and improved prognosis.

Objectives: To study the clinicopathological profile of clinically diagnosed potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity and to evaluate their association with demographic factors and adverse oral habits.

Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted over 18 months in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at a tertiary care hospital. A total of 100 patients with clinically suspected oral cavity lesions persisting for more than two weeks were included. Detailed demographic data, habit history, clinical findings, and lesion characteristics were recorded. Incisional biopsy was performed in all cases, and histopathological examination was considered the gold standard. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21.0, and associations were assessed using the Chi-square test.

Results: Among the study participants, 67% were males, and the most affected age group was 21–40 years. Buccal mucosa was the most common site involved. Histopathological evaluation revealed 48% potentially malignant disorders and 52% malignant lesions. Oral lichen planus was the most common PMD (35.41%), while squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 75% of malignant cases. Significant associations were observed between smoking, tobacco consumption, duration of habits, and the occurrence of malignant lesions (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Oral cavity lesions show strong associations with adverse oral habits and their duration. Histopathological assessment is vital for definitive diagnosis. Early identification of PMDs, habit cessation, and routine oral screening can reduce the burden of oral cancer and improve patient outcomes.