A Comparison Study on the Effects of General Anesthesia on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Among Young Adults and Elderly Patients

Abstract

Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a frequent neurocognitive complication following general anesthesia (GA), particularly in elderly patients. Evidence comparing early cognitive changes between young adults and elderly individuals remains limited.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of general anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function among young adults and elderly patients.

Methods: This observational study included 60 patients undergoing elective surgery under GA at a tertiary care hospital. Participants were divided into young adults (18–40 years) and elderly patients (>65 years). Cognitive function was assessed using the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE) immediately after surgery (0th hour) and at 45 minutes postoperatively. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for analysis.

Results: POCD was observed in 90% of patients at the 0th hour, decreasing to 51.7% at 45 minutes postoperatively. Severe cognitive impairment was predominant immediately after surgery (51.7%) but reduced markedly at 45 minutes (3.3%). Elderly patients demonstrated significantly higher rates of POCD and slower cognitive recovery compared with young adults (p < 0.001). Gender showed a significant association with cognitive scores, whereas ASA grading did not.

Conclusion: General anesthesia is associated with a high incidence of early POCD, particularly in elderly patients. Although partial recovery occurs within the early postoperative period, older individuals remain more vulnerable. Early cognitive assessment and age-specific perioperative strategies are essential to mitigate POCD.