Sustainable Bio-Based Seed Coatings: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, And Development of a Novel Formulation

Abstract

Seed coating is a critical pre-sowing technology aimed at enhancing seed performance, crop establishment, and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. In India, heavy reliance on chemical seed treatments has raised concerns regarding environmental pollution, farmer health, resistance development, and long-term sustainability. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of bio-based seed coatings as sustainable alternatives to synthetic seed treatments, with emphasis on Indian agricultural systems. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted across major databases. Studies assessing biopolymers, microbial inoculants, and botanical coatings were included. Both qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis were applied to evaluate germination, seedling vigor, disease suppression, and early growth.Bio-based seed coatings consistently improved germination percentage, seedling vigor, and disease resistance across multiple crops. Microbial and biopolymer-based coatings generally outperformed botanical extracts alone. Evidence supports their suitability for low-input, resource-constrained farming systems. Bio-based seed coatings provide an effective, eco-friendly, and economically viable alternative to synthetic treatments, particularly relevant to Indian agriculture. Their large-scale adoption could enhance seed quality, crop productivity, and environmental sustainability.