The Impact of Heavy Backpacks on Musculoskeletal Pain in School Going Children: A Scoping Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Backpacks are widely used by school children to carry educational materials. In the current education system, heavy school bags have a significant impact on the musculoskeletal health of children and adolescents. Improper weight distribution and prolonged load-bearing can lead to discomfort and long-term health consequences, including neck, shoulder, and back pain.
Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of heavy backpack use on musculoskeletal pain in school-going children.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were searched for full-text articles (in English) published between 2019 and 2024. Studies were included if they examined the impact of backpack use on the musculoskeletal system in children (ages 10–17). Studies of various designs (cross-sectional, experimental, case studies) were considered. Seven studies meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed in detail.
Results: Findings consistently indicate a strong association between carrying heavy backpacks and the development of musculoskeletal pain in school-going children. The most commonly affected regions are the neck, shoulders, upper back, and lower back. Backpack weights exceedingly roughly 15% of a child’s body weight are particularly associated with postural changes and muscular strain. Additional contributing factors include the method of carrying (e.g. using one strap vs. both straps), the duration of backpack use, lack of locker access and even lead to psychological stress. Limited awareness among parents and students about proper backpack ergonomics was also noted as a compounding factor.
Conclusion: The evidence suggests that heavy backpack use contributes significantly to musculoskeletal pain in schoolchildren. Preventive strategies such as providing locker facilities, designing ergonomic backpacks, increasing awareness among parents/teachers, and enforcing school bag weight limits are essential to safeguard children’s musculoskeletal health.