A Comprehensive Review on the Impact of Irisin on the Metabolic Regulation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Irisin, a novel myokine cleaved off from the transmembrane protein FNDC5, is secreted primarily by skeletal muscle. It plays a significant role in energy homeostasis by promoting the browning of white adipose tissue, enhancing mitochondrial function, and improving glucose metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted its potential in modulating insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic strategies in the management in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Given the rising global prevalence of T2DM and the limitations of current treatments, irisin emerges as a potential substitute or supplement to exercise, especially for individuals with limited mobility. This review summarizes the current understanding of irisin’s biology, its interaction with various metabolic pathways in various organs, and its implications for the treatment, prevention and management of T2DM and its complications.