Toxicological Insights into the Influence of Agricultural Pesticides on Pollinator Populations: Addressing Ecosystem and Food Security Challenges

Abstract

Introduction: The widespread application of agricultural pesticides has raised significant concerns regarding their toxicological effects on pollinator populations, which play a critical role in maintaining ecosystem balance and food production.

Objectives: This study aims to synthesize current scientific evidence on the sublethal and chronic impacts of various pesticide classes including neonicotinoids, organophosphates, pyrethroids, fungicides, and herbicides on pollinators such as honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, butterflies, and hoverflies.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing 87 peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2024. The review categorized findings by pesticide type, biological effects, and pollinator taxa affected.

Results: Results indicate that neonicotinoids are most frequently associated with cognitive and reproductive impairments, while organophosphates and pyrethroids contribute to neurotoxicity and motor dysfunction. Additionally, fungicides and herbicides, though less frequently studied, are increasingly linked to immune suppression and reduced foraging behavior.

Conclusions: The study highlights critical knowledge gaps in geographic and taxonomic coverage and underscores the limitations of current regulatory frameworks that often exclude sublethal effects and non-insecticide compounds. This research provides a foundational understanding for policymakers, agroecologists, and environmental regulators aiming to mitigate pesticide risks and protect pollination services essential to global food security.