The Developing Microbiome: Understanding the Role of Microbial Communities in Pediatric Health and Disease

Abstract

The human microbiome refers to the collective assembly of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and their genetic material that naturally inhabit the body’s internal and external surfaces. In contrast, the term microbiota specifically pertains to the genetic profile of these microbial populations. These microscopic organisms colonize diverse anatomical regions including the skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory passages, urogenital system, and mammary glands. Their presence is vital for maintaining physiological equilibrium, supporting immune responses, metabolizing potentially harmful dietary substances, and synthesizing essential nutrients like certain vitamins and amino acids. The composition and richness of these microbial communities are dynamic and subject to variation based on host-specific factors such as age, diet, hormonal status, genetic background, and underlying health conditions. An imbalance in microbial populations termed dysbiosis can contribute to the development of various diseases, while illness itself may disrupt microbial structure and function. This current review gives a brief idea about the microbiome present in the major anatomical structures including skin, gut, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and mammary glands.