Role of Cytochrome C and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Memory Deficit Induced by High Doses of a Commercial Solid Air Freshener in Mice

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

2 Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, River States, Nigeria

Abstract

ABSTRACT: The study evaluated the role of cytochrome C and pro-inflammatory cytokines in memory deficit produced by a commercial solid air freshener (SAF) in male Swiss mice. The animals were culled into 6 groups (n = 7): group 2-6 were exposed to SAF (10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days through whole body exposure. Mice in group 1(control) were exposed to fresh air. Memory function was evaluated on day 28 using standard models. Mice brains were then processed for estimation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, cytochrome C expression and histomorphologic changes. The chemical constituents of SAF were also determined using GC-MS.SAF (100 and 200 mg/kg) produced memory decline and increased brain contents of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p <0.05) but not interleukin-6 (p > 0.05) relative to control. Increased cytochrome C immunopositive cells, reduced neuronal cells and cytoarchitectural changeswere observed in the hippocampus of mice exposed to SAF (200 g). MS GC-profiling showed the presence of 7 major volatile organic constituents in SAF. Increased release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cytochrome C expression might play a role in SAF-induced memory deficit in mice.

Keywords

References

1. Harada K., Hara K., Wei C.N., Ohmori S., Matsushita O., Ueda A. 2007. Case study of volatile organic compounds in indoor air of a house before and after repair where sick building syndrome occurred. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 20, 69–74.
2. Kim S., Hong S.H., Bong C.K., Cho M.H. 2015. Characterization of air freshener emission: the potential health effects. J Toxicol Sci.40, 535-50.
3. Steinemann A., 2017. Ten questions concerning air fresheners and indoor built environments. Building and Environment. 111, 279-284.
4. Steinemann A., 2016. Fragranced consumer products: exposures and effects from emissions. Air Qual Atoms Health.9, 861-66.
5. Win-Shwe T.T., Fujimaki H. 2010. Neurotoxicity of toluene. Toxicol Lett. 198, 93–99.
6. Farrow A., Taylor H., Northstone K., Golding J., 2003. Symptoms of mothers and infants related to total volatile organic compounds in household products. Arch Environ Health. 58, 633–41.
7. Caress S.M., Steinemann A.C., 2009. National prevalence of fragrance sensitivity.J Environ Health.71,46–50.
8. Kim S., Hong S.H., Bong C.K., Cho M.H., 2015. Characterization of air freshener emission: the potential health effects. J Toxicol Sci.40, 535-50.
9. Steinemann A.C., 2009. Fragranced consumer products and undisclosed ingredients. Environmental Impact Assessment Rev. 29, 32-38.
10. Umukoro S., Apara M., Ben-Azu B., Ajayi A.M., Aderibigbe A.O., 2019. Neurobiological effects of prolonged exposure to solid air freshener in mice. Iranian J Toxicol.13, 45-51.
11. Gawryluk J.W., Wang J.F., Andreazza A.C., Shao L., Young L.T., 2011. Decreasedlevels of glutathione, the major brain antioxidant, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex
 
 
 
from patients with psychiatric disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 14, 123-130.
12. Li C.L., Wang F., Liu W., Jin Y.H.,2012. Effects of exposure to VOCs on spatial learning and memory and the expression of NMDA receptor in mice.JAnim Vet Adv. 11, 3355–3364.
13. Wang F., Li C., Liu W., Jin Y., 2013. Oxidative damage and genotoxic effect in mice caused by sub-chronic exposure to low-dose volatile organic compounds. Inhalation Toxicol.  25, 235–242.
14. Chen W.W., Zhang X.I.A., Huang W.J., 2006. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Med Reports. 13, 339196.
15. Iurlaro R., Muñoz‐Pinedo C., 2006. Cell death induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. FEBS Journal. 283, 2640-52.
16. Casadesus G., Webber K.M., Atwood C.S., Pappolla M.A., Perry G., Bowen R.L., Smith M.A. 2006. Luteinizing hormone modulates cognition and amyloid-beta deposition in Alzheimer APP transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Acta.1762, 447-52.
17. Glantz L.A., Gilmore J.H., Lieberman J.A., Jarskog L.F., 2006. Apoptotic mechanisms and the synaptic pathology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 81, 47-63.
18. Edelstein A.D, Mark A.T., Nenad A., Pinkard H., Ronald D.V., Stuurman N., 2014. Advanced methods of microscope control using μManagersoftware.JBiol Methods. e10 doi:10.14440/jbm.2014.36
19. Wang W., Li S., Dong H., Lv S., Tang Y., 2009.Differential impairment of spatial and nonspatial cognition in a mouse model of brain aging. Life Sci. 85, 127–35.
20. Ennaceur A., Delacour J., 1988.A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: Behavioral data. Behav Brain Res. 31, 47-59.
21. Lueptow L.M., 2017. Novel object recognition test for the investigation of learning and memory in mice. J VE J Visualized Exp.126, e55718.
22. Ennaceur A., 2010. One-trial object recognition in rats and mice: methodological and theoretical issues. BehavBrain Res. 215, 244–254.
23. Lu Z., Li C.M., Yan Y., Yang Y. 2008. Effect of inhaled formaldehyde on learning and memory of mice. Indoor Air. 18, 77–83.
 24. Halliwell B., 1992. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system.JNeurochem. 59, 1609-1623.
25. Uhde E., Schulz N., 2015. Impact of room fragrance products on indoor air quality. Atmos Environ.106, 492e502.
26. Steinemann A., 2015. Volatile emissions from common consumer products, Air Qual. Atmos Health. 8(3), 273e281.
Journal of Chemical Health Risks
Volume 9, Issue 4
December 2019
Pages 263-274

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 July 2019
  • Revise Date: 02 December 2019
  • Accept Date: 13 October 2019
  • First Publish Date: 01 December 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics